CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE REVIEW ON NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a non-lymphomatous squamous-cell cancer that originates in the epithelial membrane of the nasopharynx. Certain environmental exposures, such as consuming salt-preserved fish, smoking, and insufficient consumption of raw fruits and vegetables, are commonly known cancer risk factors. Both high- and low-incidence areas patients with nasopharyngeal malignancy have repeatedly demonstrated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a risk factor. Nasopharyngeal tumors exhibit a significant frequency of metastasis, ranging from 5% to 41%, when compared to other H&N cancers both localized and distant metastasis. The most frequent locations for metastasis in this form of cancer are nodes, bones, lungs, and liver. Because they are radiosensitive, nasopharyngeal tumors are rarely amenable to surgery. The combination of radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy has improved methods (such intensity-modulated radiotherapy) and boosted survival. The most recent modifications are covered in this review article.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Reffai A, Mesmoudi M, et al. Epidemiological Profile and Clinicopathological, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Characteristics of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Northern Morocco. Cancer Control. 2021 Jan-Dec;28:10732748211050587. doi: 10.1177/10732748211050587
Ho JH. An epidemiologic and clinical study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1978 Mar-Apr;4(3-4):182-98.
Lanier A, Bender T, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Alaskan Eskimos Indians, and Aleuts: a review of cases and study of Epstein-Barr virus, HLA, and environmental risk factors. Cancer. 1980 Nov 1;46(9):2100-6. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19801101)46:9<2100::aid-cncr2820460932>3.0.co;2-g
Ferlay J, Shin HR, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010 Dec 15;127(12):2893-917. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25516
Tai TM. Descriptive epidemiology of nasopharyngeal cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2001;8:114.
Li X, Fasano R, Wang E, et al. HLA associations with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Curr Mol Med. 2009 Aug;9(6):751-65. doi: 10.2174/156652409788970698
Chan SH, Day NE, et al. HLA and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Chinese--a further study. Int J Cancer. 1983 Aug 15;32(2):171-6.
Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, et al., World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours. Volume 9. IARC, Lyon, 2005
Sanguineti G, Geara FB, Garden AS, et al. Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy alone: determinants of local and regional control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Mar 15;37(5):985-96.
Lindberg R. Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer. 1972;29(6):1446-1449
Poon PY, Tsang VH, Munk PL. Tumour extent and T stage of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic findings. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2000;51(5):287-295, quiz 286
Mancuso AA, Bohman L, Hanafee W, et al. Computed tomography of the nasopharynx: normal and variants of normal. Radiology. 1980;137(1 Pt 1):113-121
Chang JT, Chan SC, Yen TC, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma staging by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62(2):501-507
National Comprhensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines; Cancer of the Nasopharynx version 2.2023. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/head-and-neck.pdf/Accessed May 22, 2023
Lin JC, Wang WY, Chen KY, et al. Quantification of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(24):2461-2470
Chua MLK, Wee JTS, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 2016 Mar 5;387(10022):1012-1024
Au KH, Ngan RKC, Ng AWY, et al. Treatment outcomes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in modern era after intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in Hong Kong: A report of 3328 patients (HKNPCSG 1301 study). Oral Oncol. 2018;77:16-21. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.12.004
Chen Y, Sun Y, Liang SB, et al. Progress report of a randomized trial comparing long-term survival and late toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with stage III to IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma from endemic regions of China. Cancer. 2013;119:2230-8
Tagliaferri L, Bussu F, Rigante M, et al. Endoscopy-guided brachytherapy for sinonasal and nasopharyngeal recurrences. Brachytherapy. 2015 May 1;14(3):419-25.
Chen YP, Chan ATC, Le QT, Blanchard P, Sun Y, Ma J. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 2019 Jul 6;394(10192):64-80. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30956-0. Epub 2019 Jun 6. PMID: 31178151
Abbasi AN, Hafiz A, Ali N, Khan KA. Plan dose evaluation of three dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning (3D-CRT) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC): experience of a tertiary care University Hospital in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(10):5989-93. Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3684-90.
Lee N, Harris J, Garden AS, Straube W, Glisson B, Xia P, Bosch W, Morrison WH, Quivey J, Thorstad W, Jones C, Ang KK. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: radiation therapy oncology group phase II trial 0225. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3684-90.
Qureshi BM, Mansha MA, Karim MU, Hafiz A, Ali N, Mirkhan B, Shaukat F, Tariq M, Abbasi AN. Impact of peer review in the radiation treatment planning process: experience of a tertiary care university hospital in Pakistan. J Glob Oncol. 2019 Aug;5:1-7.
Bossi P, Rocca MC, Corvò R, et al. The vicious circle of treatment-induced toxicities in locally advanced head and neck cancer and the impact on treatment intensity. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology. 2017 Aug 1;116:82-8.
Abbasi AN, Zahid S, Bhurgri Y, Ali N, Karsan F. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-an update of treatment and acute radiation induced reactions from a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011 Jan 1;12(3):735-8.
Ursino S, Calistri E, De Felice F, et al. Patient-Reported Outcomes After Swallowing (SWOARs)-Sparing IMRT in Head and Neck Cancers: Primary Results from a Prospective Study Endorsed by the Head and Neck Study Group (HNSG) of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO). Dysphagia. 2023 Feb;38(1):159-70
Basch E, Schrag D, Henson S,et al. Effect of electronic symptom monitoring on patient-reported outcomes among patients with metastatic cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022 Jun 28;327(24):2413-22.
Casà C, Dinapoli L, Marconi E, et al. Integration of art and technology in personalized radiation oncology care: Experiences, evidence, and perspectives. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11.
Abbasi AN, Tariq M, Karim MU, et al. Emotional Intelligence Training can be Incorporated as an Essential Component of Postgraduate Medical Education: Paving the Way Towards the Development of Multidisciplinary Team Culture. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan: JCPSP. 2023 Mar 1;33(3):362-3.
Chua DT, Ma J, Sham JS, et al. Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 1118–24
Sun Y, Li WF, Chen NY, et al. Induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Nov;17(11):1509-1520.
Chen QY, Wen YF, Guo L, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Dec 7;103(23):1761-70.
Lin JC, Jan JS, Hsu CY, et al. Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 631–37. 76
Chan AT, Leung SF, Ngan RK, et al. Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 536–39
Miao J, Wang L, Tan SH, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine following concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA oncology. 2022 Dec 1;8(12):1776-85.
Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen L, et al. Prognostic factors and failure patterns in non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma after intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Chin J Cancer. 2016 Dec 28;35(1):103.
You R, Liu YP, Xie YL, et al. Hyperfractionation compared with standard fractionation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Mar 18;401(10380):917-927
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
© Copyright PJR 2008- |