Safety Concerns Related to Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Faisal Akram, Salman Akram, Neehal Wali

Abstract


Over the past three decades, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology has seen tremendous improvements. Ultra high field imaging systems are now increasingly being used in clinical practice as they provide higher resolution and image contrast. However, evaluation of safety risks of MR systems for human exposure at such high fields should be the first priority to demonstrate their long term feasibility. This article reviews potential safety issues for patients, research volunteers and technicians present in the ultra-high field strength MR systems.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Hagmann P, Jonasson L, Maeder P, Thiran J-P, Wedeen VJ, Meuli R. Understanding diffusion MR imaging techniques: from scalar diffusion-weighted imaging to diffusion tensor imaging and beyond 1. Radiographics. 2006;26(suppl_1):S205-S23.

Posse S, Otazo R, Dager SR, Alger J. MR spectroscopic imaging: principles and recent advances. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2013;37(6):1301-25.

Zaremba LA. Guidance for industry and FDA staff: criteria for significant risk investigations of magnetic resonance diagnostic devices. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. 2003;14.

Commission IE. Medical electrical equipment-Part 2-33: Particular requirements for the safety of magnetic resonance equipment for medical diagnosis: International Electrotechnical Commission; 2002.

Protection ICoN-IR. Medical magnetic resonance (MR) procedures: protection of patients. Health Physics. 2004;87(2):197-216.

Kanal E, Barkovich AJ, Bell C, Borgstede JP, Bradley WG, Froelich JW, et al. ACR guidance document on MR safe practices: 2013. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2013;37(3):501-30.

Oriso K, Kobayashi T, Sasaki M, Uwano I, Kihara H, Kondo H. Impact of the Static and Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields Produced by a 7T MR Imager on Metallic Dental Materials. Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences. 2015(0).

Chakeres DW, Kangarlu A, Boudoulas H, Young DC. Effect of static magnetic field exposure of up to 8 Tesla on sequential human vital sign measurements. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging. 2003;18(3):346-52.

Kangarlu A, Burgess R, Zhu H, Nakayama T, Hamlin R, Abduljalil A, et al. Cognitive, cardiac, and physiological safety studies in ultra high field magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging. 1999;17(10):1407-16.

Heinrich A, Szostek A, Nees F, Meyer P, Semmler W, Flor H. Effects of static magnetic fields on cognition, vital signs, and sensory perception: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2011;34(4):758-63.

Tenforde T. Biological interactions and potential health effects of extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields from power lines and other common sources. Annual Review of Public Health. 1992;13(1):173-96.

Theysohn JM, Maderwald S, Kraff O, Moenninghoff C, Ladd ME, Ladd SC. Subjective acceptance of 7 Tesla MRI for human imaging. Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine. 2008;21(1-2):63-72.

Glover PM, Cavin I, Qian W, Bowtell R, Gowland PA. Magnetic‐field‐induced vertigo: A theoretical and experimental investigation. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007;28(5):349-61.

Mian OS, Glover PM, Day BL. Reconciling magnetically induced vertigo and nystagmus. Frontiers in neurology. 2015;6.

Theysohn JM, Kraff O, Eilers K, Andrade D, Gerwig M, Timmann D, et al. Vestibular effects of a 7 Tesla MRI examination compared to 1.5 T and 0 T in healthy volunteers. PloS one. 2014;9(3):e92104.

Cavin ID, Glover PM, Bowtell RW, Gowland PA. Thresholds for perceiving metallic taste at high magnetic field. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2007;26(5):1357-61.

Heinrich A, Szostek A, Meyer P, Nees F, Rauschenberg J, Gröbner J, et al. Cognition and sensation in very high static magnetic fields: a randomized case-crossover study with different field strengths. Radiology. 2013;266(1):236-45.

de Vocht F, van‐Wendel‐de‐Joode B, Engels H, Kromhout H. Neurobehavioral effects among subjects exposed to high static and gradient magnetic fields from a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system—A case‐crossover pilot study. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2003;50(4):670-4.

Vogt FM, Ladd ME, Hunold P, Mateiescu S, Hebrank FX, Zhang A, et al. Increased Time Rate of Change of Gradient Fields: Effect on Peripheral Nerve Stimulation at Clinical MR Imaging 1. Radiology. 2004;233(2):548-54.

Schmitter S, Mueller M, Semmler W, Bock M, editors. Maximum sound pressure levels at 7 Tesla—what’s all this fuss about. Proceedings of the international society for magnetic resonance in medicine; 2014.

Goldman A, Gossman W, Friedlander P. Reduction of sound levels with antinoise in MR imaging. Radiology. 1989;173(2):549-50.

McJury M, Stewart R, Crawford D, Toma E. The use of active noise control (ANC) to reduce acoustic noise generated during MRI scanning: some initial results. Magnetic resonance imaging. 1997;15(3):319-22.

Heismann B, Ott M, Grodzki D. Sequence‐based acoustic noise reduction of clinical MRI scans. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2015;73(3):1104-9.

Shellock FG. Radiofrequency energy‐induced heating during MR procedures: a review. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2000;12(1):30-6.

Kangarlu A, Shellock FG, Chakeres DW. 8.0‐Tesla human MR system: Temperature changes associated with radiofrequency‐induced heating of a head phantom. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2003;17(2):220-6.

Hargreaves BA, Cunningham CH, Nishimura DG, Conolly SM. Variable‐rate selective excitation for rapid MRI sequences. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2004;52(3):590-7.

Lee D, Grissom WA, Lustig M, Kerr AB, Stang PP, Pauly JM. VERSE‐guided numerical RF pulse design: A fast method for peak RF power control. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2012;67(2):353-62.

Lee D, Lustig M, Grissom WA, Pauly JM. Time‐optimal design for multidimensional and parallel transmit variable‐rate selective excitation. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2009;61(6):1471-9.

Schmitter S, Bock M. Acoustic noise‐optimized verse pulses. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2010;64(5):1446-52.

Zelinski AC, Angelone LM, Goyal VK, Bonmassar G, Adalsteinsson E, Wald LL. Specific absorption rate studies of the parallel transmission of inner‐volume excitations at 7T. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging. 2008;28(4):1005-18.

Guérin B, Gebhardt M, Cauley S, Adalsteinsson E, Wald LL. Local specific absorption rate (SAR), global SAR, transmitter power, and excitation accuracy trade‐offs in low flip‐angle parallel transmit pulse design. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2014;71(4):1446-57.

Poser BA, Anderson RJ, Guérin B, Setsompop K, Deng W, Mareyam A, et al. Simultaneous multislice excitation by parallel transmission. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2014;71(4):1416-27.

Schneider R, Boada F, Haueisen J, Pfeuffer J. Automated slice‐specific simultaneous z‐shim method for reducing B1 inhomogeneity and susceptibility‐induced signal loss with parallel transmission at 3T. Magnetic resonance in medicine. 2015;74(4):934-44.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


© Copyright PJR 2008-